و يمكنك القيام بهذا لجميع الذرات Dr.Laila Al-Harbiġ2 Gallium element is found in the periodic table in When a cation is formed from an atom of a transition metal, electrons are always removed first from the ns orbital and then from the (n – 1)d orbitals. Na+: Al3+: F-: 1s22s22p6 or O2-: 1s22s22p6 or N3-: 1s22s22p6 or Na+, Al3+, F-, O2-, and N3- are all isoelectronic with Ne What neutral atom is isoelectronic with H- ? H-: 1s2 same electron configuration as He isoelectronic – same number of electrons 10Na+, 10Al3+, 10F-, 10O2-, and 10N3- 11Na, 13Al, 9F, 8O, and 7N Dr.Laila Al-Harbiġ0 Electron Configurations of Cations of Transition Metals Ca 4s2 Ca2+ Al 3s23p1 Al3+ H 1s1 H- 1s2 or Atoms gain electrons so that anion has a noble-gas outer electron configuration. Of Representative Elements Na 3s1 Na+ Atoms lose electrons so that cation has a noble-gas outer electron configuration. S2p1 s1p1 The general formula of an element un group 8A is S2 S1 S2p6 s1p1 Dr.Laila Al-Harbiħ Electron Configurations of Cations and Anions Dr.Laila Al-HarbiĦ The general formula of an element un group IA is Remember there is an increase in the number of protons consequently, an increase in the number of electrons as we move from left to right on the chart. The 3d level becomes more stable as we move from left to right on the periodic chart.
Dr.Laila Al-Harbiĥ Additional exceptions are Mo 5s14d5 Ag 5s14d10 Au 6s15d10
This is a consequence of the closeness of the 3d and the 4s orbital energies. Presentation on theme: "Chapter 8 Periodic Relationships Among the Elements"- Presentation transcript:ġ Chapter 8 Periodic Relationships Among the ElementsĨ.2 Periodic Classification of the Elements 8.3 Periodic Variation in Physical Properties Effective nuclear charge Atomic Radius Ionic Radius 8.4 Ionization Energy 8.5 Electron Affinity Electronegativity (ch.9 p ) p357: 8.5, 8.8, 8.12, 8.20, 8.24, 8.26, 8.28, 8.30, 8.32 p358: 8.36, 8.38, 8.40, 8.44, 8.46 p358: 8.52, 8.54, 8.62, 8.64 Dr.Laila Al-HarbiĢ ns2np6 ns1 ns2np1 ns2np2 ns2np3 ns2np4 ns2np5 ns2 d10 d1 d5 4f 5f